The Jewish communities of Northeastern Pennsylvania had come, like so many others to the Coal Region, in waves. They arrived from the German states in the middle of the 19th century, from Poland in its closing decades, and from Russia and Ukraine in the early years of the 20th.
They came for economic opportunity, certainly – the anthracite coal fields were hungry for labor, and the towns rising around the collieries needed merchants, businessmen, and tradespeople. But most often, they were also fleeing something: discrimination, threats, and pogroms carried out by their neighbors and...